DEFENSE POLICY CONFERENCE


Defense Policy Conference is one of the leading research topics in the international research conference domain. Defense Policy is a conference track under the Humanities and Social Science Conference which aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Humanities and Social Science.

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I. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

MARCH 19 - 20, 2019
ISTANBUL, TURKEY

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III. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

AUGUST 21 - 22, 2019
LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM

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IV. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

OCTOBER 08 - 09, 2019
NEW YORK, UNITED STATES

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V. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

DECEMBER 12 - 13, 2019
ROME, ITALY

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VI. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

FEBRUARY 13 - 14, 2020
LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM

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VII. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

APRIL 15 - 16, 2020
BARCELONA, SPAIN

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VIII. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

MAY 11 - 12, 2020
ISTANBUL, TURKEY

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IX. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

JUNE 05 - 06, 2020
SAN FRANCISCO, UNITED STATES

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X. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

JULY 20 - 21, 2020
PARIS, FRANCE

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XI. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

AUGUST 10 - 11, 2020
NEW YORK, UNITED STATES

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XII. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

SEPTEMBER 10 - 11, 2020
TOKYO, JAPAN

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XIII. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

SEPTEMBER 16 - 17, 2020
ZÜRICH, SWITZERLAND

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XIV. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

OCTOBER 21 - 22, 2020
BARCELONA, SPAIN

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XV. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

NOVEMBER 02 - 03, 2020
SAN FRANCISCO, UNITED STATES

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XVI. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

NOVEMBER 12 - 13, 2020
ISTANBUL, TURKEY

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XVII. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

NOVEMBER 19 - 20, 2020
SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE

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XVIII. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

DECEMBER 15 - 16, 2020
BANGKOK, THAILAND

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XIX. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

DECEMBER 28 - 29, 2020
PARIS, FRANCE

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XX. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

FEBRUARY 13 - 14, 2021
LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM

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XXI. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

APRIL 15 - 16, 2021
BARCELONA, SPAIN

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XXII. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

MAY 11 - 12, 2021
ISTANBUL, TURKEY

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XXIII. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

JUNE 05 - 06, 2021
SAN FRANCISCO, UNITED STATES

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XXIV. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

JULY 20 - 21, 2021
PARIS, FRANCE

FINISHED

XXV. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

AUGUST 10 - 11, 2021
NEW YORK, UNITED STATES

FINISHED

XXVI. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

SEPTEMBER 10 - 11, 2021
TOKYO, JAPAN

FINISHED

XXVII. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

SEPTEMBER 16 - 17, 2021
ZÜRICH, SWITZERLAND

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XXVIII. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

OCTOBER 21 - 22, 2021
BARCELONA, SPAIN

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XXIX. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

NOVEMBER 02 - 03, 2021
SAN FRANCISCO, UNITED STATES

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XXX. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

NOVEMBER 12 - 13, 2021
ISTANBUL, TURKEY

FINISHED

XXXI. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

NOVEMBER 19 - 20, 2021
SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE

FINISHED

XXXII. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

DECEMBER 15 - 16, 2021
BANGKOK, THAILAND

FINISHED

XXXIII. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE

DECEMBER 28 - 29, 2021
PARIS, FRANCE

Humanities and Social Science Conference Call For Papers are listed below:

Previously Published Papers on "Defense Policy Conference"

  • New Chances of Reforming Pedagogical Approach in Secondary English Class in China under the New English Curriculum and National College Entrance Examination Reform
    Authors: Yue Wang, Keywords: English curriculum, failure, NCEE, new possibilities, pedagogical, policy analysis, reform. DOI:10.5281/zenodo. Abstract: Five years after the newest English curriculum, reform policy was enacted in China and hand-wringing spread among teachers who accused that this is another “wearing new shoes to walk the old road” policy. This paper provides a thoroughly philosophical policy analysis of serious efforts that had been made to support this reform and revealed the hindrances that bridled the reform to yield the desired effect. Blame could be easily put on teachers for their insufficient pedagogical content knowledge, conservative resistance, and the handicaps of large class sizes and limited teaching times and so on. However, the underlying causes for this implementation failure are the interrelated factors in the NCEE-centred education system, such as the reluctance from students, the lack of school and education bureau support and insufficient teacher training. A further discussion of the 2017 to 2020’s NCEE reform on English prompts new possibilities for the authentic pedagogical approach reform in secondary English classes. In all, the pedagogical approach reform at the secondary level is heading towards a brighter future with the initiation of new NCEE reform.
  • Impact of Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth under the Contributions of Level of External Debt in Developing Countries
    Authors: Zohreh Bang Tavakoli, Shuktika Chatterjee, Keywords: fiscal policy, external debt, gross domestic product, developing countries DOI:10.5281/zenodo. Abstract: This study investigates the fiscal policy impact on countries’ economic growth in developing countries with a different external debt level. The fiscal policy effectiveness has been re-emphasized in the global financial crisis of 2008 with the external debt as its new contemporary driver. Different theories have proposed the economic consequence of fiscal policy, specifically for developing countries. However, fiscal policy literature is lacking research regarding the fiscal policy’s effectiveness with the external debt’s contributions through comprehensive study. Also, high levels of external debt will influence economic growth. Through foreign resources and channel of investment in which high level of debt decreases the amount of foreign investment in the developing countries. The finding of this study suggests that only countries with a low external debt level and appropriate fiscal policies and good quality institutions can gain the proper quantity and quality of foreign investors in which will help the economic growth. For this, this research is examining the impact of fiscal policy on developing countries' economic growth in the situation of different external debt levels.
  • Impacts of E-Learning on Educational Policy: Policy of Sensitization and Training in E-Learning in Saudi Arabia
    Authors: Layla Albdr, Keywords: e-learning, educational policy, Saudi Arabian higher education, policy of sensitization and training DOI:10.5281/zenodo. Abstract: Saudi Arabia instituted the policy of sensitizing and training stakeholders for e-learning and witnessed wide adoption in many institutions. However, it is at the infancy stage and needs time to develop to mirror the US and UK. The majority of the higher education institutions in Saudi Arabia have adopted e-learning as an alternative to traditional methods to advance education. Conversely, effective implementation of the policy of sensitization and training of stakeholders for e-learning implementation has not been attained because of various challenges. The objectives included determining the challenges and opportunities of the e-learning policy of sensitization and training of stakeholders in Saudi Arabia's higher education and examining if sensitization and training of stakeholder's policy will help promote the implementation of e-learning in institutions. The study employed a descriptive research design based on qualitative analysis. The researcher recruited 295 students and 60 academic staff from four Saudi Arabian universities to participate in the study. An online questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were then analyzed and reported both quantitatively and qualitatively. The analysis provided an in-depth understanding of the opportunities and challenges of e-learning policy in Saudi Arabian universities. The main challenges identified as internal challenges were the lack of educators’ interest in adopting the policy, and external challenges entailed lack of ICT infrastructure and Internet connectivity. The study recommends encouraging, sensitizing, and training all stakeholders to address these challenges and adopt the policy.
  • Participatory Financial Inclusion Hypothesis: A Preliminary Empirical Validation Using Survey Design
    Authors: Edward A. Osifodunrin, Jose Manuel Dias Lopes, Keywords: Citizens’ participation, development, financial inclusion, formal financial services, national financial inclusion strategy, participatory financial inclusion policy, rural dwellers and actors in the informal sectors. DOI:10.5281/zenodo. Abstract: In Nigeria, enormous efforts/resources had, over the years, been expended on promoting financial inclusion (FI); however, it is seemingly discouraging that many of its self-declared targets on FI remained unachieved, especially amongst the Rural Dwellers and Actors in the Informal Sectors (RDAIS). Expectedly, many reasons had been earmarked for these failures: low literacy level, huge informal/rural sectors etc. This study posits that in spite of these truly-debilitating factors, these FI policy failures could have been avoided or mitigated if the principles of active and better-managed citizens’ participation had been strictly followed in the (re)design/implementation of its FI policies. In other words, in a bid to mitigate the prevalent financial exclusion (FE) in Nigeria, this study hypothesizes the significant positive impact of involving the RDAIS in policy-wide decision making in the FI domain, backed by a preliminary empirical validation. Also, the study introduces the RDAIS-focused Participatory Financial Inclusion Policy (PFIP) as a major FI policy regeneration/improvement tool. The three categories of respondents that served as research subjects are FI experts in Nigeria (n = 72), RDAIS from the very rural/remote village of Unguwar Dogo in Northern Nigeria (n = 43) and RDAIS from another rural village of Sekere (n = 56) in the Southern region of Nigeria. Using survey design (5-point Likert scale questionnaires), random/stratified sampling, and descriptive/inferential statistics, the study often recorded independent consensus (amongst these three categories of respondents) that RDAIS’s active participation in iterative FI policy initiation, (re)design, implementation, (re)evaluation could indeed give improved FI outcomes. However, few questionnaire items also recorded divergent opinions and various statistically (in)significant differences on the mean scores of these three categories. The PFIP (or any customized version of it) should then be carefully integrated into the NFIS of Nigeria (and possibly in the NFIS of other developing countries) to truly/fully provide FI policy integration for these excluded RDAIS and arrest the prevalence of FE.
  • Social Influences on Americans' Mask-Wearing Behavior during COVID-19
    Authors: Ruoya Huang, Ruoxian Huang, Edgar Huang, Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, ethnicity, mask-wearing, policymaking implications, political affiliations, religious beliefs, United States. DOI:10.5281/zenodo. Abstract: Based on a convenience sample of 2,092 participants from across all 50 states of the United States, a survey was conducted to explore Americans’ mask-wearing behaviors during COVID-19 according to their political convictions, religious beliefs, and ethnic cultures from late July to early September, 2020. The purpose of the study is to provide evidential support for government policymaking so as to drive up more effective public policies by taking into consideration the variance in these social factors. It was found that the respondents’ party affiliation or preference, religious belief, and ethnicity, in addition to their health condition, gender, level of concern of contracting COVID-19, all affected their mask-wearing habits both in March, the initial coronavirus outbreak stage, and in August, when mask-wearing had been made mandatory by state governments. The study concludes that pandemic awareness campaigns must be run among all citizens, especially among African Americans, Muslims, and Republicans, who have the lowest rates of wearing masks, in order to protect themselves and others. It is recommended that complementary cognitive bias awareness programs should be implemented in non-Black and non-Muslim communities to eliminate social concerns that deter them from wearing masks.
  • Implementing Pro-Poor Policies for Poverty Alleviation: The Case of the White Paper on Families in South Africa
    Authors: P. Mbecke, Keywords: Poverty alleviation, pro-poor policy, social development, social welfare, South Africa. DOI:10.5281/zenodo. Abstract: The role of the government to tangibly alleviate poverty, improve and sustain the quality of people’s lives remains a “work in progress” twenty-two years after the dawn of democracy in South Africa despite a host of socio-economic programs and pro-poor policies and legislations. This paper assesses the development process and the implementation of the White Paper on Families in South Africa as one of the pro-poor policies intended to curb poverty and redress the imbalances of the apartheid regime. The paper is the result of a qualitative implementation research theory facilitated through in-depth interviews with social work managers complemented by literature and policy review techniques. It investigates the level of basic knowledge and understanding as well as the implementation challenges of the White Paper on Families as causes of its failure. The paper emphasizes the importance of the family-centered approach in the implementation of pro-poor policies. To facilitate the understanding of the White Paper on Families by its users, the Department of Social Development needs take stock of the identified challenges of its implementation so as to facilitate its success in fostering positive family well-being that will directly contributes to the overall socio-economic development of South Africa.
  • Mapping the Digital Landscape: An Analysis of Party Differences between Conventional and Digital Policy Positions
    Authors: Daniel Schwarz, Jan Fivaz, Alessia Neuroni, Keywords: Comparison of political issue dimensions, digital awareness of candidates, digital policy space, party positions on digital issues. DOI:10.5281/zenodo. Abstract: Although digitization is a buzzword in almost every election campaign, the political parties leave voters largely in the dark about their specific positions on digital issues. In the run-up to the 2019 elections in Switzerland, the ‘Digitization Monitor’ project (DMP) was launched in order to change this situation. Within the framework of the DMP, all 4,736 candidates were surveyed about their digital policy positions and values. The DMP is designed as a digital policy supplement to the existing ‘smartvote’ voting advice application. This enabled a direct comparison of the digital policy attitudes according to the DMP with the topics of the ‘smartvote’ questionnaire which are comprehensive in content but mainly related to conventional policy areas. This paper’s main research goal is to analyze and visualize possible differences between conventional and digital policy areas in terms of response patterns between and within political parties. The analysis is based on dimensionality reduction methods (multidimensional scaling and principal component analysis) for the visualization of inter-party differences, and on standard deviation as a measure of variation for the evaluation of intra-party unity. The results reveal that digital issues show a lower degree of inter-party polarization compared to conventional policy areas. Thus, the parties have more common ground in issues on digitization than in conventional policy areas. In contrast, the study reveals a mixed picture regarding intra-party unity. Homogeneous parties show a lower degree of unity in digitization issues whereas parties with heterogeneous positions in conventional areas have more united positions in digital areas. All things considered, the findings are encouraging as less polarized conditions apply to the debate on digital development compared to conventional politics. For the future, it would be desirable if in further countries similar projects to the DMP could emerge to broaden the basis for conclusions.
  • University Curriculum Policy Processes in Chile: A Case Study
    Authors: Victoria C. Valdebenito, Keywords: Curriculum, policy, higher education, global-local dynamics. DOI:10.5281/zenodo. Abstract: Located within the context of accelerating globalization in the 21st-century knowledge society, this paper focuses on one selected university in Chile at which radical curriculum policy changes have been taking place, diverging from the traditional curriculum in Chile at the undergraduate level as a section of a larger investigation. Using a ‘policy trajectory’ framework, and guided by the interpretivist approach to research, interview transcripts and institutional documents were analyzed in relation to the meso (university administration) and the micro (academics) level. Inside the case study, participants from the university administration and academic levels were selected both via snow-ball technique and purposive selection, thus they had different levels of seniority, with some participating actively in the curriculum reform processes. Guided by an interpretivist approach to research, documents and interview transcripts were analyzed to reveal major themes emerging from the data. A further ‘bigger picture’ analysis guided by critical theory was then undertaken, involving interrogation of underlying ideologies and how political and economic interests influence the cultural production of policy. The case-study university was selected because it represents a traditional and old case of university setting in the country, undergoing curriculum changes based on international trends such as the competency model and the liberal arts. Also, it is representative of a particular socioeconomic sector of the country. Access to the university was gained through email contact. Qualitative research methods were used, namely interviews and analysis of institutional documents. In all, 18 people were interviewed. The number was defined by when the saturation criterion was met. Semi-structured interview schedules were based on the four research questions about influences, policy texts, policy enactment and longer-term outcomes. Triangulation of information was used for the analysis. While there was no intention to generalize the specific findings of the case study, the results of the research were used as a focus for engagement with broader themes, often evident in global higher education policy developments. The research results were organized around major themes in three of the four contexts of the ‘policy trajectory’. Regarding the context of influences and the context of policy text production, themes relate to hegemony exercised by first world countries’ universities in the higher education field, its associated neoliberal ideology, with accountability and the discourse of continuous improvement, the local responses to those pressures, and the value of interdisciplinarity. Finally, regarding the context of policy practices and effects (enactment), themes emerged around the impacts of the curriculum changes on university staff, students, and resistance amongst academics. The research concluded with a few recommendations that potentially provide ‘food for thought’ beyond the localized settings of this study, as well as possibilities for further research.
  • Language Policy as an Instrument for Nation Building and Minority Representation: Supporting Cases from South Asia
    Authors: Kevin You, Keywords: Language policy, South Asia, nation building, Artificial states. DOI:10.5281/zenodo. Abstract: Nation-building has been a key consideration in ethno-linguistically diverse post-colonial ‘artificial states’, where ethnic tensions, religious differences and the risk of persecution of minorities are common. Language policy can help with nation-building, but it can also hinder the process. An important challenge is in recognising which language policy to adopt. This article proposes that the designation of a widely used lingua franca as a national language (in an official capacity or otherwise) - in a culturally, ethnically and linguistically diverse post-colonial state - assists its nation-building efforts in the long run. To demonstrate, this paper looks at the cases of Sri Lanka, Indonesia and India: three young nations which together emerged out of the Second World War with comparable colonial experiences, but subsequently adopted different language policies to different effects. Insights presented underscore the significance of inclusive language policy in sustainable nation-building in states with comparable post-colonial experiences.
  • European Environmental Policy for Road Transport: Analysis of the Perverse Effects Generated and Proposals for a Good Practice Guide
    Authors: Pedro Pablo Ramírez Sánchez, Alassane Ballé Ndiaye, Roberto Rendeiro Martín-Cejas, Keywords: Air quality, climate change, emission, environment, perverse effect, road transport, tax policy. DOI:10.5281/zenodo. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyse the different environmental policies adopted in Europe for car emissions, to comment on some of the possible perverse effects generated and point out these policies which are considered more efficient under the environmental perspective. This paper is focused on passenger cars as this category is the most significant in road transport. The utility of this research lies in this being the first step or basis to improve and optimise actual policies. The methodology applied in this paper refers to a comparative analysis from a practical and theoretical point of view of European environmental policies in road transport. This work describes an overview of the road transport industry in Europe pointing out some relevant aspects such as the contribution of road transport to total emissions and the vehicle fleet in Europe. Additionally, we propose a brief practice guide with the combined policies in order to optimise their aim.

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